Rule 1: Verbs ending in vowels

Add -n + past tense suffix

Example: oku- → oku-n-du (was read)

Because vowel + n creates the passive stem

Rule 2: Verbs ending in consonants

Check the last vowel for the passive suffix:

• Back unrounded (a, ı) → -ıl

• Front unrounded (e, i) → -il

• Back rounded (o, u) → -ul

• Front rounded (ö, ü) → -ül

Irregular Verb

ye- (to eat) → yen- + -il → yen-il-di

The stem changes to ‘yen-‘ before adding -il